Quality Assessment of Some Newly Produced Egyptian Cotton Varieties

The aim of this study is a comparison between old cultivated commercial varieties (Giza 86, Giza 90 and Giza 88) and new varieties (Giza 94, Giza 95 and Giza 96) by evaluation of the fiber characteristics and the qualities of spinning. The fiber properties of the studied varieties on HVI and Nep tester instruments were made at Cotton Arbitration and Testing General Organization (CATGO) and measure the efficiency qualities of spinning yarn varieties for 3 yarn counts at Delta company (20 - 30- 40 ’S for cotton varieties Giza 95 and Giza 90) and (50 - 60- 70 ’S for Giza 94 and Giza 86) and (60 - 90- 120 ’S for


INTRODUCTION
Egyptian cotton takes an important position in the world as it is considered one of the finest cotton in the world by excellence in the yarn qualities, where the characteristics of fiber play an important role in the efficiency of the performance of spinning operations .
The aim of this study is a comparison between old cultivated commercial varieties (Giza 86, Giza 90 and Giza 88) and new varieties (Giza 94, Giza 95 and Giza 96) by evaluation of the fiber characteristics and the qualities of spinning. The fiber properties of the studied varieties on HVI and Nep tester instruments were made at Cotton Arbitration and Testing General Organization (CATGO) and measure the efficiency qualities of spinning yarn varieties for 3 yarn counts at Delta company (20 -30-40 'S for cotton varieties Giza 95 and Giza 90) and (50 -60-70 'S for Giza 94 and Giza 86) and (60 -90-120 'S for Giza 96 and Giza 88)). The mean squares of cotton varieties for all studied fiber properties were highly significant differences as well as the two growing seasons mannered the same trend for all studied fiber properties as cotton varieties except fiber length, fiber elongation, short fiber index and neps count revealed insignificant differences.The interaction between six Egyptian cotton varieties and two growing seasons was recorded as highly significant for all studied fiber properties except for two traits fiber elongation and trash area. The yarn properties revealed high significance for the yarn traits of Giza 94 and Giza 86 for three yarn counts (50 -60-70 'S). The yarn properties (yarn strength(cN/tex) , thin places /400 m, thick places/400 m and yarn evenness (CV%)) under three yarn counts 20 ,30 and 40's of some Egyptian cotton varieties(Giza 95and Giza 90). Highly significant recorded for both of the Egyptian cotton varieties except yarn strength for both cotton varieties. The yarn properties were had recorded as highly significant for the yarn traits of Giza 96 and Giza 88 with regard to three yarn counts (60 -90-120 'S) except thick places/400m for cotton varieties. The interaction between Egyptian cotton varieties (Giza 94 and Giza 86) and yarn count is clear that highly significant for yarn properties. The interaction between Egyptian cotton varieties (Giza 95 and Giza 90) and yarn count had highly significant on yarn strength and thick places only. The interaction between cotton varieties Giza 96 and Giza 88 and yarn count is highly significant for all yarn properties.
Cotton is one of the main pillars of the Egyptian economy. Many industries are based on this crop, where cotton lint is used in the spinning and weaving industry and the oil is extracted from the seeds, which is used in the production of oils as oil for food and the manufacture of vegetable ghee and soap, and the seed gain is used in animal feed The fuzz on the seed is also used to make cheap carpets and to make paper. Cottonwood is used as fuel in farmers' homes and in the management of steam machines, and whatever exceeds the need for fuel is used for filling ponds and swamps, and for setting up sheep pens and the like The link between the breeders and the spinners is through the production of new varieties and replacing varieties with other ones that are superior to the yarn qualities to meet the requirements of the textile industry.
Cotton quality assessment is an important component of the global cotton trade the expectations of the spinners regarding the technological progress of textile production depend on the properties of quality fiber. The lower quality of cotton fibres means the lower quality of yarn produced . Gonca and Erhan (2006).
Wherefrom the commercial face, Egyptian cotton is considered the highest quality cotton where the quality of cotton depends on the properties of quality fiber, which depends on the quality of the yarn. However, qualify it for use in the high-quality textile industry. Quality is their most important attribute of Egyptian cotton and this is why grading and quality controls must be highly prioritized. Magdalena Nilsson (2005) .
Fiber quality is an important indicator of the quality of the cotton as a yarn where spinners today are interested in other fiber properties that affect the quality of their yarns. The cotton variety had a highly significant effect on all studied fiber length and strength traits. Osman (2007).
According to CATGO the cultivated area of the Egyptian cotton in the season 2018/2019 is 336042* Feddan where the area of Extra-long varieties was 17786* Feddan while the cultivated area for long varieties was 318256* Feddan.
During the 2019/2020 season, the cultivated area was 2389987* feddan where the area of Extra-long varieties was 3215* feddan while the cultivated area for long varieties was 235491* feddan.
The latest report for the 2020/2021 season, the cultivated area was 182987.5* feddan where the area of Extra-long varieties was 1780* feddan while the cultivated area for long varieties was 180396.5* feddan Evaluation of new cotton varieties is very important every year for fiber properties plus agronomic characters in order to the high-quality race or varieties and good agronomic character still cultivated from year to year until the quality or agronomic trait decreased or deteriorated. So, these lower races of varieties don't sow in Egypt area and research about new races by breeding methods (selection, hybridization and new approach by tissue culture). The study aims to: 1-Evaluation of the fiber characteristics of some old cultivated commercial varieties Giza 86, 90 and 88.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University and laboratories of Central Administration for Fiber and Spinning testing at Cotton Arbitration &Testing General Organization (CATGO), Egypt.
To study Fiber properties of the new variety, measure efficiency qualities of spinning yarn variety and the relationship between the quality characteristics of new and commercial Egyptian cotton cultivars.
This investigation aimed at Identifying the quality properties of the staple and spinning quality of the new Egyptian cotton variety Giza 94 under standard test conditions for the quality properties of staple and yarn compared to the cultivated variety of the same layer Giza 86.

The Varieties of Egyptian Cotton Were Used:
New varieties from the Cotton Research Institute (Table 1)  Then to Study the fiber properties of the used varieties on: -HVI 1000 M700 instrument according to standard methods ASTM (D 5867-12).
The weight of the sample according to the specification ASTM (D 5867-12) and the HVI Application Handbook is 200 grams for each replication. Measure efficiency qualities of spinning yarn varieties for 3 yarn counts at Delta company: 1 -Giza 95 and Giza 90 for 3 yarn counts (20 -30-40). 2 -Giza 94 and Giza 86 for 3 yarn counts (50 -60-70 ‫ز‬ ( 3 -Giza 96 and Giza 88 for 3 yarn counts (60 -90-120). Yarn count according to English system as follows: Study the properties of the fiber and yarn in four replications.

Statistical Procedures:
This investigation was carried out in a completely randomized block design with four replications for each season. The least significant difference (L.S.D.) was used at 0.05 level of probability to compare the mean of treatments cotton varieties, Yarn count.
As well as regression coefficient was used to define the relationship between fiber properties and spinning consistency index (SCI) with multiple regression model according to the following equation: Where: Y is the SCI a is the intercept from y axil X 1 is the Micronaire reading X 2 is the Maturity index X 3 is the Fiber length X 4 is the Uniformity index X 5 is the Fiber strength X 6 is the Elongation X 7 is the short fiber index X 8 is Reflectance degree X 9 is the Yellowness degree X 10 is the Trash count X 11 is the Trash Area X 12 is the Neps Where the regression coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the fiber properties and spinning consistency index (SCI) with the multiple regression model and the non-significant traits in their effect were excluded by repeating the regression analysis to exclude the non-significant properties.

Egyptian Cotton Varieties, Two Growing Seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020) and the Interactions Between Them:
According to Table (2) The mean squares of cotton varieties for all studied fiber properties were highly significant differences as well as the two growing seasons mannered the same trend for all studied fiber properties of cotton varieties except fiber length, fiber elongation, short fiber index and Neps count revealed insignificant differences. The interaction between six Egyptian cotton varieties and two growing seasons was recorded as highly significant for all studied fiber properties except two traits fiber elongation and trash area.  * ,* *Significant and highly significant difference at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability, respectively n.s : Not significant difference at 0.05 level of probability According to Table (3) cotton variety, Giza 95 recorded the highest value for short fiber index (7.6) while cotton variety Giza 90 recorded the highest values for micronaire reading (4.16), fiber elongation (7.8), short fiber index (7.8), trash count (83) (215) and yellowness degree (11.6).  Respecting Cotton variety Giza 94 the highest value recorded in the second season 2019/2020 for micronaire reading (4.20), maturity index (0.87 %), upper half mean length ( 34.42mm), strength (41.8 g/tex) and short fiber Index (5.6) while recorded in first season2018/2019 highest value for Reflectance degree (77.1), trash count (57) and neps count( 96) as well Cotton variety Giza 86 in first season 2018/2019 recorded the highest value for micronaire reading (4.57), upper half mean length (32.8 mm), reflectance degree (76.3), Yellowness degree( 9.4) and neps count (88) whereas in the second season 2019/2020 the highest value recorded for maturity index(0.90%), strength(45.5 g/tex), short fiber index (5.9%), spinning consistency index(210) and trash count (53). Similar results were found by Hanan (2018), El-Saeed et al. (2020) and Amer (2019).   (49) There results were in line with those obtained by Wali (2003) and Ibrahim (2018).
Data presented in Table (5) showed the mean squares of yarn properties as influenced by the Egyptian cotton varieties (Giza 94 and 86), Yarn strength(cN/tex) , Thin places /400 m, Thick places/400 m and Yarn evenness (CV%) under three yarn counts 50,60 and 70 were highly significant differences.    (50) recorded the highest value for yarn strength and yarn count (70) recorded the highest value for thin places (119) , thick places(140.75) and yarn evenness (11.92).   Means within each column followed by the same letter are not a significant difference at 0.05 level of probability. Table ( With regrade to  ,* * Significant and Highly significant difference at 0.01 level of probability n.s: Not significant difference at 0.05 level of probability Table 9: Mean performance of yarn properties as affected by the Egyptian cotton varieties (V), yarn count (c), and their interactions:

Data presented in
Means within each column followed by the same letter are not a significant difference at 0.05 level of probability * *Significant and Highly significant difference at 0.01 level of probability n.s : Not significant difference at 0.05 level of probability Presented data in Table (10) showed Mean squares of the Egyptian cotton varieties (Giza96 and 88) highly significant for yarn count (60,90and120).
In Table (   Means within each column followed by the same letter are not a significant difference at 0.05 level of probability Significant and highly significant difference at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability, respectively * ,* * n.s: Not significant difference at 0.05 level of probability

The Interaction Between Egyptian Cotton Varieties(V) and Yarn Count (C) For Yarn Properties:
Cotton variety Giza 95 recorded the highest value for single yarn strength (18.78 cN/tex) by yarn count (20'S) and thick places (77.75) by yarn count (40'S) while Cotton variety Giza 90 recorded the highest value for single yarn strength (18.15 cN/tex) by yarn count (30'S) and thick places (76.25) by yarn count (40'S) as shown in Table (7). Similar results were found by Haitham (2019).

Regression Coefficient Between Spinning Consistency Index (SCI) and 12 Fiber Properties for Cotton Varieties Giza 95 and 90:
The regression coefficient which describes the relationship between the spinning constant index and the fiber properties for Giza 95 and Giza 90, was explained by the equation: SCI=-293.81 -16.97 (micronaire) -3.90(Length)+2.27(Strength)+66.30(Maturity)+6.58 (fiber length Uniformity) The equation was the suitable one to define the relationship between the spinning constant index with significant fiber properties where the fiber properties were micronaire, length, strength, maturity and uniformity as shown in Table (14). *, **: significant and highly significant differences at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability, respectively ns: not significant differences at 0.05 level of probability

Regression Coefficient Between Spinning Consistency Index (SCI) and 12 Fiber Properties for Cotton Varieties Giza 94 And 86:
The regression coefficient which describes the relationship between the spinning constant index and the fiber properties for Giza 94 and Giza 86, was explained by the equation: SCI=-393.81 -9.94 (micronaire) +2.03(Length)+3.13(Strength)-25.12(Maturity)+4.66 (length Uniformity) +0.01(Elongation)+0.67(Reflectance degree) The equation was the suitable one to define the relationship between the spinning constant index with significant fiber properties where the fiber properties were micronaire, length, strength, maturity, uniformity, elongation and reflectance degree as shown in Table  (15).  The equation was the suitable one to define the relationship between the spinning constant index with significant fiber properties where the fiber properties were micronaire, length, strength, maturity, uniformity, short fiber, elongation and reflectance degree as shown in Table (16). Table 16: Mean square of regression coefficient between Spinning Consistency Index SCI and 12 fiber properties and cancelation trait by trait according to significance F value with 12 fiber properties (cotton varieties Giza96 and Giza 88). *, **: significant and highly significant differences at0.05 and 0.01 levels of probability, respectively ns: not significant differences at 0.05 level of probability